Cement Concrete Rule of 6

A good concrete depends on proper quantities of its gradients like cement, crush, sand and water.
Here is a simple rule for proper quantities ratio is the rule of 6's!

1- Minimum cement bags are required for cubic yard concrete = 6 bags
2- Maximum water required per cement bag                             = 6 gallon
3- Minimum curing days required to keep moisture                  = 6 days
4- Air contents required (if concrete will be subject to freezing and thawing) = 6 %

Subgrade Preparation in Earth Cut

Purpose: To prepare the surface for Pavement.
There re three cases of subgrade preparation in earth cut.
Case-1: If the level of the Bottom of subgrade is within 30 cm from ground.

Case-2: If the level of the Bottom of subgrade is more than 30 cm from ground.

Case-3: If the unsuitable material is encountered at subgrade level upto 30 cm depth.

Pilling for Bridge

calculation of helix for pile.
formula of spiral length.

Sokkia Total Station Manual Training in Urdu

Sokkia Total Station Manual Training in Urdu
SET210
SET310
SET510
SET610

Engineers Jobs, Jang Multimedia

Jang Multimedia
 En

Concrete Works

Workability: concrete can be place and consolidate without bleeding or segregation.
Setting of Concrete: The hardening before its hydration or it gains strength.
Hydration : During evaporation of water from concrete  releases high heat of hydration. The heat may harm ful and may also produce shrinkage, resultant cracks. This can be avoid by water curing to sustain a suitable temperature and moisture in concrete.
Air entrainment : reduces the density of concrete and consequently reduces the strength.
Segregation : separation of materials. There are few types:
Separate settling of aggeregate from rest of concrete.
Separation of the paste from aggregate.
Separation of water from the materials

Concrete Mix Wet Volume

Concrete Mix Proportion Materials
Dry Volume and Wet Volume:
Dry Volume : Bulk Volume with air spaces etc.
Wet Volume : Real Volume to be used.
In dry mix volume empty spaces between particles in bulk material are filled with air. When we add water to concrete the empty spaces are filled with water, So the reduction in volume from dry to wet is not by shrinkage of material.
For example100kg of each material, their dry volume and wet volumes typically are:
Cement: Dry V - 66L, Wet V - 32 L
Sand: Dry V - 62L, Wet V - 38 L
Coarse aggregate: Dry V - 59L, Wet V - 38L
The factor of 1.54 to convert dry volume is just approximate. For each batch of materials we have to measure dry volume and actual density to accurately convert.

Formula of Elongation in Cut Lenth due Bend in Steel

Formula of Elongation in Cut Lenth due Bend in Steel bar during its fabrication and bending:

Let us Make a Road

Let’s Make a Road

Need of work

Very first is when we need to construct a new road, or when we feel to renovate to an old one.

Survey

Take spot levels and coordinates of roadway area by Total station and transfer the data file into highway designing software.

Draw a boundary around points. Draw contour lines. Draw a center line. Convert object to center line.  

Designing

Quantification and Estimation of Work

Funds

Tendering

Contract

Planning

Construction Schedule, Methodologies.

Mobilization

Site camps

Layout

Quarries

Plants

Construction

Clearance of Roadway

In filling areas prior to filling clear and grub all the stumps, roots, bushes and trees.

Materials: No material required.

Manpower: For 3500 square meter work in a day.

Description	Unit	No.	Qty
Supervisor	Hrs	1	1
Surveyor	Hrs	1	1
Helper	Hrs	1	2
Labour	Hrs	4	8

Equipment:

Description	Unit	No.	Qty
Bull-Dozer. 120 H.P	Hrs	1	7
Front End Loader. 2.50 Cu.M	Hrs	1	6
Dumper 18 T	Hrs	3	6
Flat Body Truck 8T (for trees)	Hrs	1	4

Restoration of disturbed surface

Restore the disturbed surface by grubbing of above mentioned objects.

Fill the ditches etc and compact that surface upto required degrees 95 percent upto 30 cm (centimeters) and 90 percent upto 75 cm (as determined by AASHTO T-180)

Material: Suitable material for filling is required as AASHTO Class A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 or A-5 soil as specified in AASHTO M-145.

Manpower: For 3500 square meter work in a day.

Description	Unit	No.	Qty
Supervisor	Hrs	1	10
Surveyor	Hrs	1	2
Helper	Hrs	2	2
Labour	Hrs	2	8

Equipment:

Description	Unit	No.	Qty	Liters / Hour
Grader. 165 H.P	Hrs	1.	4.	22.00
Combination Roller. 18 T	Hrs	1.	8.	12.00
Water Tank Tow Type 4000 Litre	Hrs	3.	8.	6.00

Filling or Formation of Embankment

Filling upto pavement structure will be done in layers upto 30 cm depth.

Compaction: Each layer will be compacted at required degrees 0 to 30 cm 95 percent, 30 to 75 cm 93, and Over 75 cm 90 Percent of Maximum Dry Density, as determined by AASHTO T-180

Filling of Rock Boulders:

In the case of filling from rock material, use maximum boulders size upto 60 cm, use Bulldozer to spread and set the boulders.

After 60 cm layer of boulders to fill the voids cover it by 20 cm layer of granular material. 

Compaction:

Mass of vibrating roll per meter width  (Ton /M)	Depth of fill layer (mm)	Number of passes of the roller on each layer
2.3 – 2.9	400	5
2.9 – 3.6	500	5
2.6 – 4.3	600	5
4.3 –  5.0	700	5
>5.0	800	5

Formation of Embankment on Steep Slope:

Cut the Slope in steps of twenty (20) centimeters depth to create benching of sufficient width for working i-e placing and compaction of layers.

Quality Tests: Gradation, CBR, Plasticity, F. D.T.

Material: Suitable soil as AASHTO Class A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 or A-5 soil as specified in AASHTO M-145.

Quantities of materials:

a)- Suitable earth:  450 cubic meters + add 20% quantity for compaction and wastage.

b)- Water: A trip of tanker of capacity 12000 liters.

Manpower: For 450 cubic meter work in a day.

Description	Unit	No.	Qty
Site Engineer	Hrs	1	8
Foreman Earthwork	Hrs	1	8
Supervisor	Hrs	1	8
Asst Surveyor	Hrs	1	8
Helper	Hrs	4	8
Labour	Hrs	4	8

Equipment:

Description	Unit	No.	Qty	Liters / Hour
Bull-Dozer. 120 H.P	Hrs	1.	8.	30.00
Front End Loader. 2.50 Cu.M	Hrs	1.	6.	20.00
Grader. 165 H.P	Hrs	1.	6.	22.00
Combination Roller. 18 T	Hrs	1.	8.	12.00
Dumper 18 T	Hrs	3.	8.	22.00
Water Tank Bowser Type 12000 Litre	Hrs	1.	6.	12.00

Subgrade Preparation