Billionaires Don’t Just Happen Overnight

Time, Talent, or Sheer Luck: 

Taylor Swift The Miss Americana star ranked No. 2,545 on Forbes’ World’s Billionaires List. 

There are approximately 2,800 billionaires in the worls, each with a net worth exceeding one billion USD.

The global billionaire list spans continents, with the United States topping the chart at 813,

followed by China (including Hong Kong) at 473,

and India with 200.

But grasping the sheer scale of their wealth isn’t easy. For many, the existence of billionaires feels absurd in a world rife with inequality. In fact, a startling statistic reveals that the wealth of the top 81 billionaires surpasses the combined wealth of the poorest 4 billion people on Earth.

The Wealth Divide: A Policy Failure or a Catalyst for Progress?

A 2023 Oxfam report labeled the growing wealth disparity as evidence of a flawed economic system, stating, “Every billionaire represents a policy failure. While billionaires rake in record profits, most people face austerity, rising poverty, and the cost-of-living crisis.”

This inequality has fueled calls for taxing wealth rather than income. U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren proposed a wealth tax: 2% on assets above $50 million and 3% on those exceeding $1 billion. However, critics argue that immense wealth often drives innovation and societal progress.

Economist Michael Strain emphasizes this point, citing Nobel laureate William Nordhaus’s findings that only 2% of the profits from technological innovation are retained by inventors, with the rest benefiting society. Strain argues that billionaires like Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos revolutionized industries, improving millions of lives. “They’re not policy failures,” Strain contends. “We should celebrate their achievements.”

The Stories Behind the Fortunes

Billionaires are rarely born with golden tickets. Their paths often tell stories of resilience, ingenuity, and determination.

Take Google’s co-founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. In its infancy, they tried selling Google’s search engine for $1 million—a bargain with no takers. Today, Google’s parent company, Alphabet, is worth $2.3 trillion, and Brin’s personal fortune equals Morocco’s GDP.

Or consider Miuccia Prada, who transitioned from mime school in 1960s Italy to leading one of the world’s most iconic fashion brands.

In India, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, the first self-made female billionaire, initially faced gender discrimination in brewing beer. Undeterred, she pivoted to biotechnology, founding Asia’s largest insulin manufacturer.

Even Jerry Seinfeld’s rise offers lessons: raised by orphaned parents, his comedic genius flourished under strict creative rules like “no hugging, no learning” on his hit show.

When Fortune Favors the Prepared

While hard work is essential, luck often plays a role. Bill Gates attended one of the few schools in the late 1960s with access to a computer. Rihanna’s big break came when a producer vacationing in Barbados heard her sing.

Sometimes, supportive families tip the scales. Taylor Swift’s family relocated to Nashville to foster her career. Michael Jordan’s mother pushed him to choose Nike over other endorsements, a move that transformed him into a global brand.

These moments of fortune, combined with unrelenting passion and perseverance, often define the billionaire journey.

Beyond Wealth: The Broader Impact

Critics of wealth concentration miss an important point: many billionaires reinvest in society. Philanthropic efforts like The Giving Pledge, founded by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, commit billionaires to donating over half their wealth. Jay-Z, defending his own success, famously said, “I can’t help the poor if I’m one of them.”

Billionaires also inspire industries. Ali Baba’s Jack Ma leveraged China’s economic boom to revolutionize e-commerce, while Chuck Feeney’s invention of duty-free shopping boosted global tourism.

What Billionaires Teach Us

At their core, billionaire stories are about solving problems, fulfilling desires, and transforming industries. They reflect a mix of talent, timing, and grit—traits we can all aspire to.

Whether it’s Prada’s chic designs, the escapism of Star Wars, or TikTok’s addictive content, billionaires show us how innovation can redefine lives. Their journeys reveal not just the wealth they amass but the impact they leave behind.

So, the next time you think of billionaires, don’t just see the numbers. Look deeper—into their creativity, risk-taking, and the broader ripple effects of their success.

Pakistan Stock Market Achieves 1 Lac Historic Milestone

What It Means for the Economy

Introduction
For the first time in history, Pakistan's stock market has crossed the monumental milestone of 100,000 points on the KSE-100 Index.

This remarkable achievement is not just a number; it represents a significant turning point for the country's economic trajectory. From a closing level of 62,500 points at the end of last year to an unprecedented rise of 37,000 points in just 11 months, the stock market's performance has been nothing short of extraordinary. But what’s driving this surge, and how does it impact the common citizen and the broader economy? Let’s explore.

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Understanding the KSE-100 Index

The KSE-100 Index is a benchmark indicator of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), representing the performance of the top 100 listed companies. These companies span various sectors, from pharmaceuticals and automobiles to fertilizers and banking. The movement in the index is a direct reflection of changes in the share prices of these companies.

In simpler terms, the recent surge to 100,000 points signifies a consistent increase in the stock prices of these leading companies. For instance:

• Sazgar Engineering: Its share price skyrocketed from PKR 169 in November 2023 to over PKR 1,100, largely driven by the successful launch of Pakistan’s first hybrid SUV.
• GlaxoSmithKline (Pharmaceuticals): Shares jumped from PKR 82 to PKR 350, owing to falling raw material costs globally and higher medicine prices locally.
• Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim: A share price leap from PKR 18 to PKR 80, According to Farhan Mahmood, Head of Research at Sherman Securities, the reason for the increase in the share price of Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim was its merger with Fauji Fertilizer Company. The second reason was the increase in urea prices in the country, the third reason was the lack of an increase in gas prices, while the government had increased the price of gas for other fertilizer companies. This led to good sales of the company's urea and they got a good price for it, which led to an increase in its share price.
• Honda Atlas: Demand for motorcycles pushed its shares from PKR 300 to PKR 860, reflecting the resilience of Pakistan’s automotive sector.

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What’s Driving the Stock Market Rally?

1.    Economic Recovery
After years of stagnation and economic challenges, Pakistan’s economy is now showing signs of recovery. Reduced current account deficits, a stabilized exchange rate, and an improved IMF program have boosted investor confidence.

2.    Lower Interest Rates
With interest rates easing after a prolonged period of high levels, capital is flowing back into the stock market, offering attractive investment opportunities compared to other sectors.

3.    Real Estate Slowdown
Uncertainty and heavy taxation in the real estate sector have diverted investments to the stock market, creating fresh liquidity.

4.    Policy Reforms
Judicial and administrative reforms, along with clarity on key appointments, have restored confidence in governance, encouraging both local and foreign investors.

5.    The IMF program lifted the clouds of economic crisis looming over the country.

6.    The current account deficit decreased and the exchange rate stabilized.

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What Does This Mean for the Common Citizen?

While the stock market’s rally might not directly impact every individual, its ripple effects can benefit the broader economy:

• Corporate Growth
  Companies experiencing higher revenues are more likely to reinvest, expand production, and create jobs. This contributes to economic growth, indirectly benefiting the average citizen.
• Profit Sharing
  Shareholders, including small investors, gain through dividends and bonuses when companies perform well. However, Pakistan’s investor base of 350,000 remains small relative to its population of 250 million.
• Economic Indicator
  The stock market serves as a barometer for economic health. A thriving market signals improving economic conditions, which can attract foreign investment and create opportunities in multiple sectors.

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Challenges and Opportunities

While the recent rally is a positive sign, challenges remain. The stock market's growth must translate into broader economic benefits to ensure sustainable development. This requires:

• Encouraging Retail Investment
  Expanding the investor base through financial literacy programs and simplified processes.
• Economic Diversification
  Reducing reliance on a few sectors and promoting industries like technology and renewable energy.
• Policy Stability
  Maintaining investor confidence through consistent and transparent policies.

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Ahead of Milestone

The unprecedented rise of the Pakistan Stock Market to 100,000 points is a testament to the resilience of the economy and the potential for growth. While challenges remain, this milestone underscores the importance of long-term economic planning and market reforms.

For investors, this is a golden opportunity to be part of Pakistan’s economic resurgence. And for policymakers, it’s a reminder that a thriving stock market must also translate into tangible benefits for the common citizen.

How to Begin Investing in the Stock Market: A Comprehensive Guide

Unlocking Wealth through Strategic Stock Market Investments

Entering the stock market can seem like navigating a labyrinth filled with uncertainties and potential pitfalls. However, with informed strategies and prudent decision-making, investing in the stock market can be a pathway to substantial long-term wealth. This guide elucidates the fundamental principles of stock market investment, offering actionable insights to help you embark on your investment journey with confidence and clarity.

Understanding the Essentials of Stock Market Investment

Investing in the stock market is inherently unpredictable; no forecast can guarantee absolute certainty. Nevertheless, selecting robust companies can yield significant wealth over the long term. Mastery of two critical aspects is essential:

1. What to Buy: Identifying high-quality stocks is paramount.

2. When to Buy and Sell: Timing your investments strategically can maximize returns.

Selecting the Right Stocks

If you are not deeply versed in stock market intricacies or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), it is advisable to start with a selection of five to ten companies that offer dividends, bonuses, and capital gains. For instance:

1. Food Sector: Companies like Colgate, National Foods, and others provide consistent dividends. Mari Petroleum offers quarterly dividends, showcasing reliability.

2. Automobile Sector: Multan Tractor stands out by delivering bonuses, dividends, and capital gains.

3. Fertilizer Sector: Fauji Fertilizer, Engro Corporation, and Engro Food provide bi-annual or tri-annual dividends, demonstrating stability.

4. Power Sector: Hubco is renowned for its generous dividend payouts.

5. Banking Sector: Banks such as Meezan, Faysal, United Bank Limited (UBL), and MCB offer attractive dividends, reinforcing their market strength.

Building a Diversified Portfolio

Creating a diversified portfolio involves selecting a mix of companies across various sectors to mitigate risk and enhance potential returns. Here’s a sample portfolio structure:

1. COLG (Colgate)

2. NATF (National Foods)

3. MUREB (Mari Petroleum)

4. MTL (Multan Tractor)

5. FFC (Fauji Fertilizer Company)

6. ENGRO (Engro Corporation)

7. EFERT (Engro Fertilizers)

8. HUBC (Hubco)

9. MEZL (Meezan Bank)

10. MCB (MCB Bank)

11. UBL (United Bank Limited)

12. FABL (Faysal Bank Limited)

Begin by selectively investing in these companies, exercising caution initially. As you gain understanding and confidence, you can expand your investments into more substantial and long-term holdings. Patience is crucial; the stock market demands resilience, and reacting hastily to daily fluctuations can be detrimental to your investment strategy.

Is Now the Optimal Time to Invest in the Pakistan Stock Exchange?

Prospective investors should approach the stock market with careful consideration and strategic planning. A surge in new broker accounts—exceeding one hundred thousand in the past year—contrasts sharply with the mere 250,000 account holders over the previous seventy-five years. While many new investors may celebrate their entry today, a significant number may regret their decisions in the near future due to a lack of foundational knowledge.

Investing without adequate understanding is akin to jumping into a river without knowing how to swim—only a miracle can prevent disaster. Therefore, it is imperative to educate oneself thoroughly before committing substantial capital to the stock market.

The Future Trajectory of the Pakistan Stock Exchange

Market crashes are typically precipitated by significant global or domestic events, such as economic recessions, wars impacting Pakistan, pandemics, internal unrest, rising interest rates affecting businesses, inflation, default risks, and loss of confidence in international agreements like those with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

In the absence of such catalysts, the Pakistani market is unlikely to crash outright but may experience periodic corrections. Sudden market upswings are often followed by corrections of three to four thousand points, presenting opportunities for new investors to enter the market. Understanding these dynamics can help investors navigate market fluctuations with greater assurance and strategic insight.

Conclusion

Investing in the stock market requires a blend of informed decision-making, strategic selection of reliable companies, and patience. By focusing on companies that offer dividends, bonuses, and capital gains, and by understanding market dynamics, investors can build a robust portfolio that stands the test of time. Remember, the stock market rewards patience and informed strategies over impulsive decisions. Start cautiously, educate yourself continuously, and let your investments grow steadily.

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Learn how to start investing in the stock market with strategic tips on selecting reliable companies, timing your investments, and building a diversified portfolio for long-term wealth.

Donald Trump & Imran Khan

Will Trump Intervene to Secure Imran Khan’s Release? 

As Donald Trump gears up for another presidential run, speculation in Pakistan is heating up: could Trump pressure Islamabad to secure the release of former Prime Minister Imran Khan? While this seems far-fetched to many, Trump’s unconventional approach to politics and penchant for the unexpected keep this idea alive. 

 

To analyze this scenario, we must delve into the personalities, shared traits, and political contexts of both leaders, as well as assess the feasibility of Trump’s intervention in such a matter. 

 

The Trump-Imran Parallels 

Both Donald Trump and Imran Khan share a populist appeal, an avowedly anti-establishment ethos, and a preference for nationalist rhetoric. Each has cultivated a fiercely loyal support base by portraying themselves as the guardians of the "true" people against entrenched elites. 

 

Trump’s media savviness and unpredictable demeanor mirror Khan’s charisma and emphasis on sovereignty, independence, and transparency. However, there is a sharp contrast in their current positions. Trump remains a powerful political figure in the U.S., commanding significant influence within the Republican Party and among his supporters. In contrast, Imran Khan faces legal and political challenges in Pakistan, including ongoing imprisonment after falling out with the country’s powerful establishment. 

 

Khan’s detention marks a significant shift in his political fortunes, as he once enjoyed widespread popularity. Could Trump’s maverick diplomacy play a role in reversing Khan’s predicament? 

Imran Khan and Trump: A Shared History  

Trump’s previous interactions with Imran Khan add a layer of intrigue to the speculation. When Trump was president, he welcomed Khan to the White House in 2019, referring to him as a “great friend.” However, analysts like Kugelman argue that this camaraderie was more transactional than personal. The meeting was primarily driven by Trump’s desire to facilitate U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, for which Pakistan’s cooperation was essential.  

This context weakens the argument that Trump has a genuine personal interest in Khan’s political fortunes.

Will Trump Play a Role in Imran Khan’s Release? A Diplomatic Stunt or Political Reality?  

In recent months, as Donald Trump campaigns for a potential return to the White House, speculation has grown in Pakistan’s political circles and on social media. Could Trump, known for his unorthodox diplomacy, pressure Islamabad to secure the release of Pakistan’s former Prime Minister Imran Khan?  

This speculation was amplified by statements from prominent Pakistani politicians, viral claims on social media, and Trump’s past interactions with Imran Khan. But is there any real substance behind these theories?  

The Origin of Speculation: A Diplomatic Signal or Wishful Thinking?  

The roots of this speculation can be traced back to a May 2024 interview with Senator Mushahid Hussain Syed, a senior leader of the Pakistan. He suggested that external pressure, particularly from the U.S., could force the Pakistani government’s hand.  

“Before the U.S. makes a call about this, it’s better to make decisions ourselves,” hinting at the possibility of Trump or other U.S. leaders intervening postelection.  

His statement resonated within political circles and gained traction among Imran Khan’s supporters, further fueling hopes of external intervention.  

Trump’s Alleged Campaign Promises: Fact or Fiction?  

Claims that Trump mentioned Imran Khan in his election campaign or pledged to secure his release have circulated widely on social media. One video purportedly shows Trump making such promises, but upon closer inspection, the audio and visuals do not align, revealing it to be an AI generated fabrication.  

Experts like Michael Kugelman, a South Asia analyst at Foreign Policy, have clarified that Trump has not publicly discussed Imran Khan during his campaign. Kugelman noted that while Khan’s supporters in the Pakistani American diaspora harbor hopes for Trump’s intervention, there has been no indication of such a priority from the former U.S. president.  

Trump’s focus in his social media posts and campaign rhetoric has been on issues like U.S.India relations and human rights abuses in Bangladesh—not Pakistan or Imran Khan.  

Imran Khan’s Rocky Relationship with Democrats  

Under President Joe Biden, relations between Washington and Islamabad cooled significantly. Biden never made direct contact with Imran Khan during his tenure as Pakistan’s prime minister, a pointed snub that underscored strained ties. Khan, in turn, accused the Biden administration of orchestrating his ouster—an allegation dismissed by both Islamabad and Washington.  

Interestingly, 60 Democratic lawmakers wrote to Biden, urging him to address human rights concerns in Pakistan, including the treatment of political detainees like Khan. However, this action was rooted in broader human rights advocacy rather than any specific affinity for Khan.  

Trump’s Diplomatic Style: A Wild Card

Trump’s approach to diplomacy has always been unconventional. His willingness to engage with figures such as North Korea’s Kim Jong Un exemplifies his readiness to act in ways that defy traditional norms. A potential move to advocate for Khan’s release would fit into this pattern, showcasing Trump as a leader unafraid to challenge the status quo. 

 

For Trump, intervening on Khan’s behalf could bolster his image as a global power broker who aligns with populist figures challenging institutional barriers. It would also underline his broader narrative of taking on “deep state” actors, both in the U.S. and abroad. 

 

However, such a move would be fraught with challenges. The complex nature of U.S.-Pakistan relations, alongside Pakistan’s highly intricate power dynamics, makes any external influence a sensitive issue. Pakistani authorities may perceive such an intervention as meddling, further complicating an already strained relationship. 

 

The Pragmatic Case for Intervention 

There is a case for Trump to act. Pakistan’s geopolitical significance in South Asia, coupled with the potential for regional instability, could make Khan’s release a topic of mutual interest. Trump’s business-oriented diplomatic style might lead him to present Khan’s release as a move that could enhance U.S.-Pakistan relations, especially if framed as part of broader efforts to stabilise the region. 

 

Trump’s past interactions with Pakistani leaders could enable private negotiations. This might involve highlighting the advantages of allowing Khan to play a controlled political role rather than deepening divisions within Pakistan. Such discussions could appeal to pragmatic elements within Pakistan’s power structure, emphasizing stability over confrontation. 

 

Trump’s Cabinet and Foreign Policy Priorities  

Should Trump return to power, the composition of his cabinet and his foreign policy priorities will likely shape any potential involvement in Pakistan. His advisors are expected to take a hardline stance against China and Iran while strengthening ties with India. This focus makes it unlikely that Pakistan will feature prominently in Trump’s strategic calculations.  

Supporting Imran Khan could risk alienating India, a key U.S. partner in counterbalancing China’s influence. Given these dynamics, any overt intervention on Khan’s behalf seems improbable.  

Could Imran Khan Be a Wild Card Against China? 

One intriguing angle to consider is whether Trump could see Khan as a counterweight to China’s influence in Pakistan. While this remains speculative, it is not entirely implausible. Using Khan as a "wild card" could align with U.S. strategies to recalibrate influence in South Asia. However, such a strategy would require a level of commitment and finesse that Trump has not always demonstrated in foreign policy. 

 

Could External Intervention Harm Khan Politically?  

Even if Trump were to advocate for Khan’s release, the implications could be mixed. Khan’s opponents have long accused him of being a “Western agent” or pandering to foreign powers. Trump’s involvement might reinforce these narratives, potentially harming Khan’s image as a nationalist leader who champions Pakistan’s sovereignty.  

Does Trump Have the Time or Will?  

Domestically, Trump’s agenda revolves around reshaping America’s global role, with an emphasis on “America First.” This philosophy evaluates every international engagement through the lens of U.S. benefits.  

For Trump, intervening in Khan’s case would require significant political capital and yield uncertain rewards. Moreover, Pakistan’s political and military establishment is unlikely to welcome external pressure, particularly from a figure as polarizing as Trump.  

Barriers to Success 

Despite this, several obstacles remain. 

1. Internal Resistance in Pakistan: The Pakistani establishment is notoriously resistant to external pressure, particularly when it comes to perceived interference in domestic politics. 

2. Trump’s Isolationist Tendencies: While Trump’s “America First” policy might push him toward disengagement, his instinct to challenge norms could counterbalance this tendency. 

3. China’s Role: Given Pakistan’s close ties with China, any U.S. involvement might be viewed with suspicion, further complicating matters. 

Additionally, for Trump, aligning with Khan might not yield immediate or tangible benefits. The stakes for him would be high, with little assurance of a political payoff. 

The Broader Picture  

The prospect of Trump intervening to secure Imran Khan’s release is both compelling and improbable. It highlights the unpredictable intersections of global and domestic politics, where unconventional leaders like Trump and Khan operate. 

 

If Trump were to engage, his involvement could introduce a new dynamic into U.S.-Pakistan relations. However, the likelihood of success would depend on the broader context of U.S. foreign policy priorities, the receptiveness of Pakistani leadership, and the potential for mutual benefit. 

For now, this scenario remains an interesting thought experiment—a reminder of how political brinkmanship can create unexpected possibilities in the world of diplomacy.

Ultimately, the idea of Trump playing a decisive role in Imran Khan’s release is rooted more in hope than reality. While Trump’s history of unorthodox diplomacy keeps the possibility alive, the complexities of U.S.Pakistan relations and Trump’s own priorities make such an intervention unlikely.  

The key questions remain:  

• Would Trump see any strategic benefit in intervening for Khan?  

• Could Pakistan’s government or establishment accept such intervention without backlash?  

• Would Khan himself welcome such a move, given its potential impact on his political narrative?  

For now, these questions linger unanswered, making the scenario more of a thought experiment than a tangible possibility. As in politics, sometimes speculation is all we have—until reality proves otherwise.  

Where Do Pakistan and Bangladesh Stand Today?

A Comparative Economic Analysis of Pakistan and Bangladesh 

Since gaining independence, Pakistan and Bangladesh have followed starkly different paths in their economic, social, and political evolution. Bangladesh, despite early struggles, has emerged as a rapidly developing economy, while Pakistan has grappled with stagnation and structural challenges. This blog delves into the factors that have shaped these trajectories, offering insights into lessons Pakistan might draw from its former eastern wing.

 

Bangladesh: Secular Foundations and Political Stability 

Following independence in 1971, Bangladesh confronted political instability and economic devastation. However, the nation made decisive steps to establish a secular constitution, aiming to separate religion from governance. Over the last 35 years, it has largely contained military interference in politics, allowing civilian leaders to focus on governance and economic development. In contrast, Pakistan's political landscape remains heavily influenced by both religious ideologues and military interventions, often skewing policy priorities away from economic growth.

 

Economic Growth Rates: A Tale of Diverging Trends 

Bangladesh's economic transformation is a story of resilience and sustained growth.

In 1972, its GDP growth rate was a dismal -13%,

but by 2024, it has risen to a robust 5.82%.

For over a decade, Bangladesh has consistently maintained growth rates exceeding 6%.

Pakistan, on the other hand, has struggled, with its GDP growth rate in the fiscal year ending 2023 languishing at 0.29%, reflecting deep economic distress.  While it bit gearing up now is around 2.4%

 

Per Capita Income: Closing and Surpassing the Gap 

In 1972, Pakistan's per capita income was $150

compared to Bangladesh's $90.

Now a days, Bangladesh's per capita income stands at $2,600, 

significantly outpacing Pakistan’s $1,500.

This shift underscores Bangladesh's focus on equitable economic policies and industrial growth, particularly in the export-driven sectors.

 

Export Performance: A Model of Success 

Bangladesh's export success, particularly in the garments sector, has been pivotal.

Bangladesh exports in 1972 were only $35 million,

it now boasts $64 billion,

its garments share alone with $42 billion.

Bangladesh is the world's second-largest garments exporter after China. 

Pakistan, despite its potential, trails in exports with $35 billion. 

 

Factors: such as Bangladesh's affordable labor, consistent energy supplies, and government support for export industries have driven this success. In contrast, Pakistan's export sectors suffer from energy shortages, limited policy focus, and underutilised female labor. 

 

Poverty Reduction and Social Progress 

In the 1970s, Bangladesh's population lived below the poverty line 70-80%.

Today, this figure has dropped to just 10.44%,

They targeted interventions in education, health, and economic inclusion. Over 8 million people have been lifted out of poverty in the past decade alone.

Pakistan, however, has seen poverty levels rise to 39.4%,

exacerbated by economic mismanagement and insufficient social safety nets.

 

Education and Workforce Development 

Bangladesh has made significant strides in education, having literacy rate 75%

compared to Pakistan's 60%.

Moreover, Bangladeshi children enroll in primary school 98%,

while Pakistan struggles with 72%.

Importantly, Bangladesh has effectively integrated women into its workforce, particularly in the garments sector, where they constitute 80% of the labor force. This empowerment has not only spurred economic growth but also contributed to lower population growth rates and improved social outcomes. 

 

Policy Priorities: Industrial Growth vs. Real Estate 

Bangladesh’s elite—from politicians to business leaders—have aligned their interests with industrial and export growth. The collective focus has driven investment in manufacturing and infrastructure. 

Conversely, Pakistan's elite have largely concentrated on real estate, siphoning resources away from productive industries. This misalignment has stifled Pakistan's growth potential over the past two decades. 

 

Energy and Ease of Doing Business 

Bangladesh has prioritized stable and affordable energy supplies, reducing barriers to business development. 

In contrast, Pakistan faces chronic energy shortages, bureaucratic red tape, and inefficiencies, hampering its industrial competitiveness. 

 

Demographics and Population Management 

Bangladesh has successfully managed its population growth, reducing the rate to 1% from 2.5% at independence.

Public awareness campaigns and women’s economic empowerment have played crucial roles.

Pakistan, however, has one of the world’s highest population growth rates at 2.55%, adding immense pressure on its limited resources. 

 

Defence Spending and Development Trade-offs 

Pakistan Defence budget is over $12 billion,

Bangladesh spends only $4.27 billion.

Bangladesh’s limited military expenditure has allowed it to channel resources into education, health, and infrastructure, yielding significant social and economic dividends. 

 

The Role of NGOs 

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been instrumental in Bangladesh's development, driving grassroots initiatives in health, education, and microfinance. 

In Pakistan, NGOs often face suspicion and resistance, limiting their potential impact. 

 

Lessons for Pakistan 

Bangladesh’s economic ascent is a testament to the power of focused policy, inclusive governance, and investment in human capital. It is not merely a story of Bangladesh's rise but also a reflection of Pakistan's missed opportunities. To emulate its neighbor’s success, Pakistan must prioritise industrial growth, reduce reliance on defense spending, empower women, and ensure political stability. Only then can Pakistan unlock its vast potential and reclaim its place among the region's thriving economies. 

Sources: Comparative analysis based on historical data, World Bank reports, and recent economic surveys.

Smog! A New Threat Emerging in India and Pakistan

Smog: A Growing Hazard in India and Pakistan 

The competition for the world's most polluted city is being run in between Lahore and New Delhi.

Pakistan ranks 179 & India ranks 176 out of 180 countries on the Environmental Performance Index. 

According to the World Health Organisation, air pollution in Pakistan is expected to increase by 50% by 2030.

In recent years, smog has emerged as a significant environmental and public health threat in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan. This hazardous mixture of smoke and fog, scientifically known as “photochemical smog,” results from complex reactions between pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sunlight. The issue has garnered increasing concern due to its profound health impacts, economic costs, and detrimental effects on regional ecosystems.

What is SMOG!

Smog is essentially a cocktail of smoke and fog, intensified in colder weather when emissions from vehicles, industries, and burning biomass combine with cooler air and sunlight. Known as photochemical smog, it forms primarily when nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants react under sunlight. The resultant particulate matter, particularly PM 2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller), can easily penetrate the respiratory system and bloodstream, posing severe health risks.

Definition of Smog

The term "smog" is a portmanteau of the words "smoke" and "fog". It's a particulate cloud that's often seen over urban areas. The term "smog" was first used in the early 1900s to describe a mix of smoke and fog. In 1909, more than 1,000 people died from smog in Glasgow and Edinburgh alone. 

What is Air Quality Index

Air quality is measured by the Air Quality Index (AQI) in particulate matter (PM) units. Recently, Lahore’s AQI levels for smog and pollution surpassed 700 for the first time in recorded history. According to NASA, between 15,000 and 18,000 fires were lit across India and Pakistan to clear fields. Farmers commonly burn rice stubble after harvesting, especially toward the end of October, resulting in massive amounts of airborne pollutants. Reports indicate that in India alone, approximately 32 million tons of rice stubble were burned.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is typically categorized into six levels, each representing a different level of air quality and its impact on health. Here’s the standard AQI scale used by many countries, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 

Types of Smog

There are two main types of smog:  

• Photochemical smog: This type of smog is most common in urban areas. It's created when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from car exhaust, coal power plants, and factory emissions.  

• Sulphurous smog: Also known as "London smog", this type of smog is caused by high concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx) in the air from fossil fuels like coal. It's made worse by dampness and particulate matter (PM).

Smog Situation in Region

On November 10, 2024, NASA released an image showing Pakistan’s Punjab province shrouded in thick smog, visible even from space. This image was circulated widely by global media outlets.

The contest for the world's most polluted city is currently between Lahore and New Delhi. Sometimes one is ahead, sometimes the other. Annually, Lahore ranks as the 5th most polluted city globally, 

Faisalabad ranks 12th, 

and Peshawar ranks 34th.

Out of the world's 50 most polluted cities, 42 are in India and 3 in Pakistan. This makes our region the epicenter of global pollution. Among the most polluted countries, Bangladesh ranks first, Pakistan second, and India third.

Multan AQI crosses 2,000 Mark

In Multan, the air quality index (AQI) hit a staggering 2,135, a level far beyond safe limits. This AQI reading is more than six times the "hazardous" threshold of 300.

Why Doesn’t Smog Form in Karachi or Mumbai?

Smog, a pressing environmental challenge, is a common phenomenon in cities like Lahore and Delhi but is notably absent in coastal cities such as Karachi and Mumbai. Understanding why this disparity exists requires a look at weather patterns, geographical features, and pollution dynamics.  

Smog formation relies heavily on two conditions: high pollution levels and specific atmospheric factors. In regions like Lahore and Delhi, cooler weather during winter leads to fog—a collection of water droplets suspended in the air. When pollution particles mix with fog, they create the dense, hazardous haze we call smog.  

In contrast, Karachi and Mumbai, being coastal cities, benefit from steady sea breezes. These winds disperse pollutants, preventing fog and smog from forming. The absence of stagnant air conditions means that pollution particles don’t settle in one place, unlike in landlocked regions prone to still weather. 

Who is Responsible for Smog?  

In Punjab, transportation contributes the most to smog at 43%. The industrial sector follows with 25%, agriculture at 20%, and emissions from coal-fired power plants and generators at 12%. If we focus solely on Lahore, 83% of its smog is due to vehicle emissions. In Pakistan, motorcycles alone consume 40% of the total fuel.

While weather plays a significant role in smog formation, human activities remain the primary driver. In Pakistan, 83% of air pollution comes from vehicles. The sheer volume of automobiles and motorcycles on the road contributes significantly to the problem:  

• Over 4 million cars and 24 million motorcycles operate in Pakistan.  
• In the past five years alone, Pakistan imported petroleum products worth $73 billion. Of this, $15 billion worth of fuel was consumed by motorcycles, which account for 69% of vehicular emissions. Cars and jeeps contribute an additional 23%.  

These staggering figures highlight the scale of pollution stemming from the transportation sector.  

Why Is Pakistan Lagging in Cleaner Fuel Technology?  

Globally, countries have shifted to cleaner fuel standards like Euro 5, which significantly reduces vehicular emissions. This advanced fuel, also known as "high-octane," produces up to 60% less toxic emissions compared to regular fuel.  

However, Pakistan continues to use Euro 2, a far less efficient and more polluting grade of fuel. The reliance on outdated standards exacerbates the air quality crisis, as vehicles emit higher concentrations of harmful gases.  

If Pakistan transitioned to Euro 5 fuel and mandated its use across all vehicles, it would drastically reduce the severity of air pollution, especially in smog-prone regions.  

Health Impacts of Smog Exposure  

The adverse health effects of smog are well-documented. PM 2.5, which is especially prevalent in smog, is small enough to bypass natural body defenses and enter deep into the lungs and bloodstream, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravation of asthma, and, in some cases, premature death. In Pakistan alone, pollution-related illnesses claim over 125,000 lives annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 22% of deaths in Pakistan are linked to pollution, with a substantial portion attributed to air quality.

Smog exposure has also been shown to decrease life expectancy. A recent study found that long-term exposure to air pollution can reduce the average life expectancy by up to four years in Punjab, the hardest-hit region.

Environmental Factors: The Role of Agriculture and Industry 

Smog severely damages crops and ecosystems. 

Agricultural practices contribute significantly to seasonal smog, with crop residue burning a major factor. Each autumn, farmers in both India and Pakistan burn leftover stubble after the rice harvest. According to NASA, between 15,000 and 18,000 fires are ignited across the region during this time. A 2023 report highlighted that around 32 million tons of rice stubble were burned in India alone, releasing substantial pollutants into the atmosphere.

Urban sources also exacerbate the problem. Lahore’s transportation sector, for example, with around 5 million motorcycles, is a major contributor to smog. Converting these vehicles to electric power could markedly reduce emissions. Industrial emissions, especially from coal-fired plants and kilns, are significant contributors, as they release particulate matter and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. 

This escalating pollution poses a dire threat to public health and the environment. Immediate measures are needed to control emissions from key contributors, particularly the transportation and industrial sectors. Enhancing public transportation, adopting cleaner energy sources, and enforcing stringent environmental regulations can help mitigate this crisis.

Investing in green technologies, promoting awareness about the adverse effects of pollution, and international cooperation are crucial steps to safeguard our future. The time to act is now if we wish to breathe cleaner air and protect our planet for generations to come.

 

Comparative Lessons from The Great Smog of London  

The Great Smog of London in 1952 is an instructive historical precedent. The event, which resulted in nearly 10,000 deaths, led the United Kingdom to enact the Clean Air Act, restricting coal burning and imposing controls on industrial and vehicular emissions. Similar policies could be adapted for South Asia to address smog and pollution-related challenges.

Economic Costs of Smog 

Beyond health impacts, the economic toll of smog is immense. A 2022 World Bank report estimated that air pollution cost the Indian economy approximately $95 billion annually, or around 3% of its GDP, due to productivity losses, healthcare costs, and premature deaths. Pakistan, too, faces significant economic strain from pollution, with healthcare costs rising in proportion to the increasing air quality index (AQI).

Protective Measures for Individuals 

In the face of persistent smog, personal protection is also crucial. Reducing outdoor activities during high-smog days, using air purifiers indoors, and wearing protective masks outdoors can help mitigate individual exposure to harmful particles.

Solutions: A Call for Regional Cooperation 

Given the trans-boundary nature of air pollution, regional collaboration is essential. Both India and Pakistan need to coordinate a comprehensive action plan. Introducing stricter emissions standards, promoting cleaner technologies in agriculture and transportation, and educating farmers on alternatives to crop burning could all make a substantial impact. Incentives for sustainable farming methods, along with penalties for burning practices, might encourage wider adoption. Encouraging farmers to adopt alternative methods could help curb this smoke.

Moreover, bikes and transport should be shifted from fossil fuels to electric energy.

Fossil-fuelled plants should be converted to other resources like renewable energy.

Tackling the smog crisis in South Asia requires immediate, well-coordinated action. While smog is not a new phenomenon, the scale and severity it has reached in India and Pakistan are unprecedented. As other countries have shown, policy reforms, technological solutions, and community involvement can make a difference. Collaborative efforts between India and Pakistan, driven by a shared action plan, could transform smog from a perpetual threat to a managed challenge, benefiting the health, economy, and environment of the entire region.

The Path Forward  

To address smog effectively, a multipronged approach is necessary:  

1. Upgrade Fuel Standards: Transitioning to Euro 5 fuel is critical for reducing toxic emissions.  

2. Promote Public Transport: Reducing the reliance on personal vehicles can significantly cut down emissions. Investments in efficient and affordable public transit systems are essential.  

3. Encourage Electric Vehicles: A shift toward electric and hybrid vehicles can alleviate the environmental burden caused by traditional fuel consumption.  

4. Adopt Urban Greenery: Planting trees and creating green belts can absorb pollutants and improve air quality.  

5. Strengthen Regulation: Enforcing stricter emission standards for vehicles and industries will ensure accountability and compliance.  

Smog is a reminder of the environmental toll of unchecked human activity. While Karachi and Mumbai escape its grip due to their coastal climates, cities like Lahore and Delhi suffer its full impact. Addressing this challenge requires not only technological upgrades but also a collective commitment to sustainable practices.  

The solution lies in proactive measures—transitioning to cleaner fuels, adopting greener transportation options, and enforcing robust environmental regulations. Only through such initiatives can we breathe cleaner air and pave the way for a healthier future. 

Hand Work Labour Charges 2024

Handwork average Labour Charges in Pakistan 2024

S# Description                         Average Rates PKR

1 Repaint - Labor Only Starting at         20 per SqFt

2 Repaint - Simple Distemper / Whitewash with Material     35 per SqFt

3 Repaint - Plastic Emulsion with Material             50 - 55 per SqFt

4 Repaint - Enamel with Material                 60 - 65 per SqFt

5 Repaint - Weather shield with Material 

(scaffolding excluded)                         50 - 55 per SqFt

6 New Paint - Labor Only "Starting at          25 - 30 per SqFt"

7 New Paint - Simple Distemper / Whitewash with Material 45 - 50 per SqFt

8 New Paint - Plastic Emulsion with Material         70 - 75 per SqFt

9 New Paint - Enamel with Material                 80 - 85 per SqFt

10 New Paint - Weather shield with Material (scaffolding excluded) 70 - 75 per SqFt

11 Carpentry - Bed Assembly / Installation              500

12 Carpentry - Bed Disassembly                 500

13 Carpentry - Door Closer Installation          500

14 Carpentry - Door Handle change (Same Fitting)          500

15 Carpentry - Door Hinges change                  500

16 Carpentry - Door Installation (New)          1,000

17 Carpentry - Door Lock Cylinder change              500

18 Carpentry - Door Lock (Complete) change          500

19 Carpentry - Drawer Channel Change (Set)          500

20 Carpentry - Drawer Lock Change                 300

21 Carpentry - Pictures / Wall Hangings 

(Where size of item does not exceed 1Ft to 3Ft)                  300 per item

22 Carpentry - Pictures / Wall Hangings 

(Where size of item exceeds 4Ft)                          300 per item

23 Glass Film - Decorative & Privacy Film placed on glass for 

privacy or aesthetics (installation + materials) Starting at          60/ foot

24 Bathroom Service (Toilet Seat Tank and Muslim 

Shower Cleaning) Per Point / Item                         500

25 Drain Blockage (from sink to trap) opening per drain         500

26 "MEP New Construction - Complete PPR and UPVC 

piping of bathrooms and kitchens including sinks, 

toilets, faucets, drains and showers etc"                         35 - 40 / SqFt x total

covered area

27 MEP Renovation - Bathroom - Complete Piping including 

sink, toilet, faucets, drains and showers including bathtub 

and vanity                                 18,000 per bathroom

28 MEP Renovation - Kitchen - Complete Piping including sink, 

faucets, and drains                                 2,000 per kitchen

29 Bathtub Installation                 2,500

30 Flush Button & Lever Change / Repair                 300

31 Jacuzzi Installation                         4,000

32 Muslim Shower Replacement         300

33 Pressure Motor / Pressure Pump Installation only 

(to fix low pressure issue)                         2,500

34 Sink / Basin Installation or Replacement         800

35 Sink Spindle Change                 300

36 Tap (Mixer) Repair / Replacement                 500

37 Tap (Small Single Tap) Replacement         200

38 Toilet Seat English Fitting or Replacement 

(Excluding Drain / Piping)                         1,000

39 Geyser (Classic Gas type) Installation without piping 2,500

40 Geyser (Instant Water Heater type) Installation         1,500

41 Geyser Thermostate Replacement                 1,000

42 Geyser Burner & Pilot Cleaning                 500

43 Residential Oven / Stove Installation         500

44 Automatic Washing Machine Simple Installation only         1,000

45 "Automatic Washing Machine Comprehensive Installation 

where there is no provision of inlet, drainage, or electrical point         2,500

46 Tank Cleaning (Cement Roof / Top Water Tank)         2,500

47 Tank Cleaning (Cement Underground / Floor Water Tank) 3,000

48 Tank Cleaning (Plastic)                         1,500

49 Tank Float Ball Replacement 1/2inch type         500

50 Cleaning Service - Split AC (Normal - without removing units) 2,000

51 Cleaning Service - Split AC (Master - remove inner unit to clean 

and then reinstall)                                 3,000

52 Cleaning Service - Standing and Cassette Unit         4,000

53 Cleaning Service - Window AC                 2,000

54 Installation of Split Unit (with up to 10 feet piping 

installation free)                                 3,000

55 Installation of Standing Floor Unit (4 Ton Unit without piping) 5,000

56 Installation of Cassette Ceiling Unit (without piping) 5,000

57 Removal of AC (if shifting or changing ACs) 1,500

58 Gas Refilling for Regular AC (Chinese R22 Gas)         3,500 per kg

59 Gas Refilling for Inverter AC (Chinese R410 Gas) 3,500 per kg

60 Gas Refilling for Newer Inverter ACs (Chinese R32 Gas) 3,500 per kg

61 Gas Refilling Premium for Regular AC (Original Honeywell 

R22 Gas USA/Mexico)                         6,000 per kg

62 Gas Refilling Premium for Inverter AC (Original Honeywell 

R410 Gas USA/Mexico)                         7,000 per kg

63 Piping Per Foot Labour (beyond complimentary 10 feet 

installation)                                 200 per Rft

64 PCB Card Diagnosis (on-site error diagnosis, cleaning, 

reinstalling etc)                                 2,000

65 Cleaning of Rooms and General Area (Exclusive of Kitchen & 

Bathroom areas) Rs.                                 5 per SqFt

66 Cleaning of Kitchens    Rs.                         8 per SqFt

67 Cleaning of Bathrooms Rs.                         10 per SqFt

68 Marble & Tile Floor Waxing (for average shine - using water 

and wax buffing only) Rs.                                                                 15 per SqFt (for areas larger than 1,000 square feet )"

69 Marble & Tile Chemical Floor Polish (for extra shine and glow

- using formula consisting of water, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate,

venol, bleach with buffing) Rs.                 18 per SqFt (for areas larger than 1,000 square feet )"

70 External Building & Facade Cleaning (using suspended platform, 

tucker pole, aerial elevator or abseiling system) Rs.            35 per SqFt (for areas larger than 750 square feet)"

71 Breaker Replacement (One / Two Phase)          500

72 Breaker Replacement 63amp                 800

73 Breaker Replacement 100amp                 1,200

74 CCTV Camera Installation (Simple Camera) per unit 1,000

75 Ceiling Capacitor Replacement (Slow RPM Fix)         300

76 Distribution Box Installation without Wiring 

(24 Breakers Residential)                         2,000

77 Distribution Box Installation INCLUDING Wiring 

(24 Breakers Residential)                         5,000

78 Earthing (grounding system) without materials         8,000

79 Exhaust Fan Installation (Breaking wall will be charged extra) 1,000

80 Fault / Short Circuit Tracing / Diagnosis         1,000

81 Generator Installation with Changeover Switch         5,000

82 LCD / LED TV Installation (Up to 40") 1,000

83 LCD / LED TV Installation (42" or more)         1,500

84 UPS Installation Single Battery                 1,000 plus Rs. 300 per

point for wiring"

85 UPS Installation Double Battery                 2,000 plus Rs. 300 per

point for wiring"

86 Wiring or installation of light, plug socket or switch etc per point 

(for maintenance & repair only)                     300 plus 10 Rft

87 "MEP Wiring of New House (Grey structure + Finishing) with 

conduiting, cutting & grinding per SqFt – New Construction 35 - 40 per SqFt x total

covered area"

Note: These rate are average / estimated based on daily market works, the rates may vary as per actual & region.